第八十一章《胡适英文论著：民族危机与公共外交》（6）

第八十一章《胡适英文论著：民族危机与公共外交》（6）  fourthly,thesamehistoricaltraditionalsoexplainsjapan's"immutablepolicy"ofimperialisticexpansion.continentalexpansionandworldconquesthavebeenthenationalidealofjapanforallthese500years.

over350yearsago,in1590,hideyoshi,thegreatmilitaryheroofmedievaljapan,sentletterstokorea,china,thephilippines,theliuchiuislandsandindia,toinformthemthathewasembarkingonaprogramofworldconquest.iquoteafewsentencesfromhislettertothekingofkoreainthetranslationofprofessoryoshikuno:

"hideyoshi,thesupremeimperialadvisoroftheemperorofjapan,herebyaddresseshisexcellencythekingofkoreaalthoughiwasborntoafamilyoflowrank,mymotherconceivedmeimmediatelyaftershehaddreamedthatthesunhadenteredintoherbosom.aphysiognomistinterpretedthisdreamandpredictedthatiwasdestinedtoextendmyauthoritytoallpartsoftheworldwherethesunshinesbecauseiwasbornwithsogreatadestinywhichwasrevealedbythisomen,thosewhohavefosteredfeelingsofenmityandoppositionhavebeencrushedanddestroyed.wheneverandagainstwhomeverihavewagedwar,thevictoryhasalwaysbeenmine.thelandsanddistrictsinvadedbymehavealwaysbeenconquered.nowourempirehasentereduponaperiodofpeaceandprosperity,iamnotwillingtospendtheremainingyearsofmylifeinthelandofmybirth.accordingtomyidea,thenationthatiwouldcreateshouldnotbeseparatedbymountainsandseas,butshouldincludethemall.instartingmyconquest,iplannedthatourforcesshouldproceedtochinaandcompelthepeopletheretoadoptourcustomsandmanners.thenthatvastcountry,consistingofmorethanfourhundredprovinces,wouldenjoyourimperialprotectionandbenevolenceformillionsofyearstocomeyou,kingofkorea,areherebyinstructedtojoinusattheheadofallyourfightingmenwhenweproceedtochina"

whenhereceivednosatisfactoryreplyfromkorea,hideyoshisentanarmyof305,000menacrosstheseatoinvadechinathroughkoreaearlyin1592.thiswarofunprovokedinvasionlastedsevenyearsandwasendedonlyafterthedeathofhideyoshihimself.

attheoutsetofhiscampaign,hideyoshiworkedoutatimetableinwhichhisarmywastoconquerkoreabeforetheendofmay1592,andtooccupypeking,thecapitalofchina,beforetheendoftheyear.in1594,thejapaneseimperialcourtwouldberemovedtopekingwheretheemperorwouldbeenthronedastheemperorofthenewlycreatedempire.hideyoshiwouldthenestablishhimselfatningpo,china.afterthathismilitaryleaderswouldthenproceedtocarrythemilitarycampaignintoindiaandotherasiaticcountries.

thetimetableofhideyoshiwasnotcarriedout,buthehasbecometheidolandidealofthejapanesenationallthese350years.whathashappenedduringthesedecadesandwhathashappenedduringtheselastfewmonthsontheasiaticcontinentandinthepacificarenothistoricalaccidents.theyaretheauthenticechoesofthespiritofhideyoshi.

thisauthoritarian,slavishlycredulous,militaristic,andfantasticallyimperialisticjapanis"ourhonorableenemy,"againstwhomchinahasbeenfightingforthelastfiveyears,andagainstwhomandhereuropeanpartnersinaggression,theunitednationsrepresentingfour-fifthsofmankindarenowwagingacommonwartothefinish.

4

outofthesetotallydifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,therehavegrownuptwofundamentallyoppositewaysoflife.thefree,democraticandpeacefulwaysofmypeoplearenowdangerouslythreatenedbythetotalitarian,oppressiveandmilitaristicwaysofjapan.

chinaisfightingjapan,inthefirstplace,becausejapanisnotonlyrevivinginthismodernagethecultofemperor-worship,isnotonlyactuallyrestoringthemonarchyinpartsofchina,butissolemnlyundertakingonherselfthe"divinemission"ofimposingheremperor-worshipandhertotalitarianismonthecontinentofasiaandthewholeworld.

chinaisfightingjapan,inthesecondplace,becausemypeople,whohavealwaysregardeddoubtasavirtueandcriticismasaright,donotwishtobedominatedbyapeoplewhocondemnallthinkingasdangerous.

andlastly,chinaisfightingjapan,becausemypeoplewhohavealwayslovedpeaceandcondemnedwar,cannotaffordtoliveundertheyokeofapeoplewhohavealwaysglorifiedwarsandalwaysdreamedofworldconquest.

foundationsoffriendshipbetweenthechineseandtheamericans

thesocialservicereview

june,1944.vol.xviii.no.2.pp.141-144.

igladlyjointhemembersandfriendsoftheimmigrants'protectiveleagueincelebratingtherepealofthechineseexclusionlawsbythecongressoftheunitedstates.allchinesepeople,hereandelsewhere,willgladlyjoinwithyouinthiscelebrationandinexpressingtomembersofthepresentcongressourwarmanddeepappreciationforthisaction.therepealoftheexclusionlawsmeanstheremovalofthelast,butnottheleast,impedimenttothefriendshipbetweenthepeoplesofourtwocountries.

nearlyfortyyearsagoasayoungladoffourteenorfifteen,iwitnessedthechineseboycottofamericangoodsasanactofretaliationagainsttheamericanexclusionofthechinese.icitethislong-forgottenboycotttoshowhowseriousthesituationwasatonetime.theexclusionlawhasalwaysmystifiedmypeople,becauseitcamefromapeoplemostfriendlytochina.itcouldhavehadmoreseriouseffectsontherelationshipbetweenourtwopeoplesifourpeoplehadnotalwayshadconfidencethatthepeopleoftheunitedstateswouldsurelysomedaydousjusticeandremoveandrepairthisdangerouslyfracturedlinkinthehistoricchainofsino-americanfriendship.

nowthatthisrustylinkisremovedandahistoricalwrongisredressed,itisworthwhiletore-examinethefoundationsonwhichthefriendshipbetweenourtwopeopleshasrestedduringalltheseyears.suchanexaminationmightgiveusnewinspirationtorededicateourselvestothetaskoffurtherstrengtheningthesefoundationsofourfriendship.

sino-americanfriendshiphasresteduponthreegreatfoundationstones:

1.onehundredyearsofressiveandfriendlypolicyonthepartoftheunitedstatesgovernmenttowardchina.

2.acenturyofamericanmissionaryworkinchina.

3.three-quartersofacenturyoftheeducatingofchinesestudentsinamericanuniversitiesandcolleges.

china'spoliticalrelationshipwiththeeuropeanpowersduringthelasthundredyears,asyouallknow,hasnotbeenhappy.butherrelationshipwiththeunitedstateshasbeenmostfriendlyfromtheverybeginning.chinesesoonbegantoseethatherewasagreatwesternnationwhichhadnoterritorialorpoliticaldesignsonherandwhichdesiredonlytherighttotradeinchina.fromtheverybeginning,theamericanpolicywasonewhichwaslaterdescribedas"theopendoorpolicy."

astheunitedstatesbecamemoreandmorepowerfulandashervoicecarriedmoreweightinthefamilyofnations,thisfriendlyanddisinterestedattitudetowardchinawasmorethanonceresponsibleforrescuingchinafromgravedangersofimperialisticaggressioninthehandsoftheothergreatpowers.itwasjohnhaywhosestrongnotesontheopendoorpolicyinchinasavedchinafromthegreatinternationalcrisisattheturnofthecentury.itwasthewashingtonconferenceof1921-22whichhelpedchinatogetbacktheformergermanpossessionsinshantungwhichjapanhadtakenatthebeginningofworldwariin1914.itwasthetreatiesofthewashingtonconferencewhichgavethefareastadecadeofpeace,untilthatpeacewasruthlesslybrokenbyjapan'saggressioninmanchuriain1931.

and,whateveryoumayhaveheardsaidaboutthesmallamountofamericanaidtochinaduringhersevenyearsofwaragainstjapan,icansaytoyouthatitistheamericangovernmentandtheamericanpeoplewhohavebeenthemainsupportofourcourageandfightingmoralethroughouttheseterribleyearsofadevastatingwar.

this—theonehundredyearsofressiveandpro-chinesepolicy—hasbeenthefirstfoundationstoneofsino-americanfriendship.

thesecondfoundationstoneoffriendshiphasbeenthemissionarymovement.iamnochristianandhavenotbeenastudentinanymissionaryschool,buticantestifythattheworkoftheamericaneducationalandmedicalmissionariesinchinahasplayedaveryimportantpartinbringingaboutthemutualunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenourtwonations.numerically,theamericanmissionariesprobablydidnotmakemanyconverts.theirmaincontributionhasbeeninthedirectionofeducationalandmedicalservice—inopeningschoolsandhospitals,intranslatingwesternbooks—religious,scientific,andeducationalworks—intochineseandinagitatingforsocialandpoliticalreforms.theywerethepioneerswhobroughttochinanotonlynewideasandidealsbut,moreimportantstill,anewwayoflookingatchineselifeandchinesecivilization.

togetherwiththeirbritishandcanadianfellow-workers,theamericanmissionarieshavedoneverygoodpioneerworkinmanyfieldsofsocialandeducationalreform.theeducationofwomen,theeducationofthedeafandtheblind,theintroductionofmodernmedicine,hospitals,andnursing—theseareafewoftheirmostnotableachievements.

manyofthemissionaryschoolshaveinmorerecentdecadesdevelopedintouniversitiesandcollegesofgoodstanding.thegreatestofthese—thepekingunionmedicalcollege,whichhasbeentakenoverbytherockefellerfoundation,butwhosenametestifiestoitsmissionaryorigin—hasbeenlargelyresponsibleforthetrainingofyoungchineseleadersinmodernmedicine,surgery,graduatenursing,andmedicalresearch.

themissionarymovementhasnotbeenaone-waytraffic.themissionariescameintoclosecontactwithchinesecivilizationandplayedtheirpartasinterpretersofchinatotheirfriendsathome.whentheyreturnedtoamerica,eitheronfurloughorafterretirement,theybecamethespokesmenforthechinesepeopleandtheirculturallife.theirvoicewasheardbythehundredsofchurcheswhosemembershiphadsupportedthemissionaryschoolsorhospitals.thinkofthethousandsofyalemenwhohavegivenfinancialsupporttotheyale-in-chinathroughouttheyearsanddecades.

thinkoftheuniversityofpennsylvaniagraduateswhohavesupporteddr.mccrackeninhismedicalworkalltheseyears.themissionaryinthiswayhasservedasthebridgebetweentwopeoples—thebenefactorsandtheirbeneficiaries.thisbridgehasbeenoneoffriendship,service,andunderstanding.

thethirdfoundationstoneofsino-americanfriendshiphasbeenthemanythousandsofchinesestudentseducatedintheamericanuniversitiesandcolleges.

aboutthemiddleofthelastcenturytherewasonlyonechinesegraduateofanamericanuniversity,mr.yungwing,ofyaleuniversity.butforthelastthirtyyearstherehasbeenanannualaverageoffifteenhundredchinesestudentsinyourcollegesanduniversities.

thesubstantialincreaseinthenumberofchinesestudentsbeganwiththereturnofthe"surplus"portionoftheboxerindemnitybytheamericangovernmentin1908.thereturnoftheindemnitywasmadewithoutanyconditions.butpresidenttheodoreroosevelt,inhismessagetocongress,expressedahopethatthemoneymightbeusedineducatingyoungchineseintheamericanuniversities.thechinesegovernmentadoptedtheestionandpledgedtheuseofthereturnedfundsfortheeducationofourstudentsinthiscountry.thefirstgroupofindemnityscholarshipstudents,forty-seveninnumber,camein1909.from1909to1941,foroverthirtyyears,theaveragenumberofsuchstudentshasbeenaboutseventy-fiveeachyear:abouttwenty-fivehundredinthirty-twoyears.

asusualinsuchcasesofstudentmigration,thesescholarshipstudentshavebroughtmanyotherstudentstothiscountry—studentswhocameeitheronothergovernmentscholarshipsorontheirownprivatemeans.thusthetotalnumberofstudentshasbeen,yearafteryear,manytimesthenumberofscholarshipstudents.takeanaverageoffifteenhundredstudentsayear,andyougettheamazingfigureofmorethanfifteenthousandstudentswhohavespentfromthreetofouryearsintheamericanuniversities.manyofthesemenandwomenarenowintheprimeoflifeandareholdingpositionsofleadershipinallwalksoflifeinchina.thescholasticstandingofthechinesestudentshasbeensystematicallystudiedinsomeofyourleadinginstitutions.atthemassachusettsinstituteoftechnology,forexample,astatisticalstudyhasbeenmadeofthescholasticstandingofallnationalgroupsofstudentsattheinstitutionsinceitsfounding,andtheresultofthisstudyhasshownthatthechinesestudentsasanationalgrouphaveattainedthehighestaveragethroughouttheyears.atbrynmawrcollege,someyearsago,achinesestudent,missting,brokeallrecordsofscholasticexcellenceinthehistoryofthecollege;andwhenshewasstudyingmedicineattheuniversityofmichigan,thedeanofthemedicalschoolonedaymadeaspeechtothemedicalstudents,inwhichheisreportedtohavesaid:"thestudentsofthemedicalschoolcanbedividedintotwoclasses:classa,missting;andclassb,therestofyou!"

suchvastnumbersofselectedyoungchinesemenandwomendoingexcellentworkinyourbestuniversitiesandcollegesandcarryingawayhighacademichonorshaveservedapurposeasvaluableasthatoftheamericanmissionary:theyaretheunofficialambassadorsofgoodwillwhiletheyareinyourmidst,makingthepeopleofyourcollegetownsunderstandandappreciatetheintellectualandmoralcapabilitiesofthechineseyouth;andwhentheyreturntochina,theyarethebest"missionaries"and"salesmen"ofamericangoods,tools,andmachineryandtheamericanwaysoflife.they—thefifteenthousandchinesestudentsfromtheamericanuniversitiesandcollegesandresearchlaboratories—havebeenthebuildersofthethirdandperhapsthestrongestfoundationoffriendshipbetweenourtwopeoples.

butbeneaththesethreegreatfoundationstonesofsino-americanfriendship,thereissomethingevenmorefundamental,whichisthefoundationofallfoundations.thatsomethingisthesenseofcommonhumanitywhichonehundredyearsofcontactandassociationhaveenabledourtwopeoplestodiscoverandappreciateineachother.wehavefoundthatwelovethesamethingsandlaughatthesamejokes,thatwehavethesamemoralandspiritualstandardsandagreeinthethingswehonorordespise.thatiswhatimeanbyoursenseofcommonhumanity.

someoftheguestsatthisluncheonmayhavenoticedayoungamericansoldiercomingtovisitmeatthespeakers'tableandpresentmetohisyoungbride.icannotresistthetemptationtotellyouastoryaboutthisamericanyouthasanillustrationofthepointihavebeenmaking.

thisyoungsoldierwasoncemychauffeuratthechineseembassy.hisnameisdonaldc—;andhecomesfromachicagofamilyofscandinavianorigin.hewaswithmeforalittleoverayear.attheendof1940,hecametotellmethathehadtoleavemyserviceandgobacktochicagotofinishhiscollegeeducation."mr.ambassador,"saidheafterwehadbideachothergoodbye,"ihadnevermetanychinesebeforecomingtotheembassy.duringthislastyear,ihavelearnedmuchaboutyourpeople.iwanttotellyou,inparticular,howmuchihavelearnedfromobservingyourcookandmrs.hu'smaid.ihavelearnedtoentertainthegreatestrespectforbothofthem.ifyourpeoplearealllikethesetwo,mr.ambassador,yourpeoplemustbeaverygreatpeople."myyoungscandinavian-americanfriendhashituponagreattruth:hehasdiscoveredinacommonmanandacommonwomanofchinasomethingwhichhisownpeoplehavealwaysconsiderednobleandgreat.hehasfoundthetruefoundationofallinternationalfriendshipandunderstanding.

makerofmodernchina:thestoryofsunyat-sen

intotheeighthyear

1944.pp.17-23.

dr.sunyat-senwasborninafarmingvillageinhsiangshanhsien,intheprovinceofkwangtung,in1866—twoyearsaftertheendingofthegreattaipingrebellion(1850-64).

heoncesaidofhimself:"iamacoolieandthesonofacoolie.iwasbornwiththepoor,andiamstillpoor.mysympathieshavealwaysbeenwiththelingmass."

when12yearsold,hewenttohonoluluin1879tovisithisemigrantelderbrother,andwassenttoaboys'schoolwhere,attheendofthethirdyear,hewasawardedthesecondprizeinenglishgrammar.hereturnedhomein1883.from1884to1886,hestudiedatqueen'scollege,hongkong.itwasinhongkongthathebecameabaptisedchristian.

in1886,hetookupmedicineundertheamericanmissionarysurgeon,dr.johna.kerr,incanton.whenthenewmedicalschoolwasestablishedinhongkongin1887,sunyat-senwasthefirststudenttoregister.herehestudiedforfiveyearsandwasgraduatedin1892withacertificateofproficiencyinmedicineandsurgery.

hepracticedmedicineandsurgeryinmacaoandthenincanton.buthisprofessionalcareerdidnotlastlong.forhehadbecomeinterestedinotherandmoreimportantthings.hehadalreadybecometheleaderofasecretmovementforthereformandremakingofchina.

dr.suntellsusthathisrevolutionaryplansdatedbacktotheyear1885whenchinafoughtfranceandwasdefeated,resultinginthelossofannam:"iresolvedinthatyearthatthemanchuregimemustgoandthatachineserepublicmustbeestablished."hewastheninhisnineteenthyear.fromthattimeon,sayshe,"theschoolwasmyplaceofpropaganda,andmedicinemymediumforentranceintotheworld."

in1893,ontheeveofthefirstsino-japanesewar,dr.sunmadeavisittonorthchina,andpresentedamemorandumtothechinesestatesman,lihung-chang.thememorandumisremarkableasarecordoftheyoungrevolutionary'searlypoliticalideas.inthispaper,dr.sunformulatedthefourfundamentalobjectivesofamodernstate:(1)toenablemantoexerthisutmostcapability;(2)toutiliselandtoitsutmostfertility;(3)tousematerialnaturetoitsutmostutility;and(4)tocirculategoodswiththeutmostfluidity.

thenextyear(1894)warbrokeoutbetweenchinaandjapan.chinawasbadlydefeated;andtheweaknessoftheoldregimewasclearlyexposedtothewholenationandtothewholeworld.