第八十章《胡适英文论著：民族危机与公共外交》（5）

第八十章《胡适英文论著：民族危机与公共外交》（5）  3

thethirdconditionnecessaryforadurablepeaceinthepacificarea,ibelieve,istherestoration,strengtheningandreinforcingoftheinternationalorderforthepacificareaandfortheworldingeneralsothatorderlyinternationalrelationshipsmayalwaysprevailandrecurrenceofaggressivewarsmaynolongerbepossible.thisnewlyrestoredinternationalordermusthaveoverwhelmingpowerfortheenforcementofpeace.

youwillagreewithmethatduringtheyearsbetweenthefirstandsecondworldwarsthereactuallyexistedaninternationalorderbothforthefareastandforthelargerworld—arealworldorderfoundedonaseriesofhighlyidealisticinternationalcovenants,treaties,andagreements,includingthecovenantoftheleagueofnations,thetreatiesofthewashingtonconference,andthepactofparis.thepeacestructureinthepacificarea,whichdatesbacktotheearlierpronouncementsonthe"opendoor"policyandwhichprimarilycentersaroundthenine-powertreatyandtheothertreatiesofthewashingtonconference—thisinternationalorderofthepacificareahasbeenlinkedwiththelargerworldorderbythecovenantoftheleagueandthepactofparis.

theeventsofthelasttenyearshaveprovedbeyondanydoubtthattherewasafundamentalweaknesscommontothegeneralinternationalorderandthefareasternpeacestructure.neitherhadthepowerorforcetoenforceitsownpeaceandorder.thatinternationalorderwasarealityaslongasitwasnotsubjectedtoanyseveretestbydeterminedandforcibleviolation.itbecame"shamandpretense"whenitwaschallengedandwasfoundpowerlesstoenforceitsownlawandorder.

themoralofthetragiceventsofthelastdecadeshouldbeplaintoall.themoralisthatpeacemustpresupposeaneffectivelymaintainedorderorruleoflaw;andthatlawandorderdonotmeantheabsenceofforce,but,onthecontrary,arealwaysdependentuponsomeeffectiveformoforganizedpowerfortheirmaintenanceandenforcement.themoral,inshort,isthatpeacemusthavepowertoenforceitself.withoutthisessentialelementofenforcement,alllawandorderareemptywords.

therefore,thenewworldorderwhichwewanttoseesetupasthenecessaryconditionorpreconditionforadurablepeaceinthepacificarea,orinanyotherpartoftheearth,mustbea"leaguetoenforcepeace"—itmustbe,inthewordsofpresidenta.lawrencelowell,"somekindofinternationalorganizationbasedupontheprincipleofathreatofoverwhelmingpowertopreventaggressivewar."thisnewworldordermustcommandasufficientamountoforganizedforcetosupportitslawandjudgment,andtherebyeffectivelytoenforcepeace.itsprovisionsforeconomicandmilitarysanctionsagainstallpossibleviolationsofpeaceandordermustbesoclearandsounmistakablethatnoevasionofresponsibilitywillbepossibleandthatbothaidtooutragedvictimsandpenaltytotheaggressorswillnotbeundulydelayed.

intheabovediscussionihavepurposelystressedtheideaof"overwhelmingpowerorforce"fortheenforcementofpeaceandorder.theoldideaof"balanceofpower"seemsnowuntenable,becauseabalanceofpowercanbeeasilyupsetbyaslightpreponderanceofforceoranewcombinationofforcesonanyoneside.thepeaceofthecommunity,bothnationallyandinternationally,canbemaintainedonlywhentheorganizedforceofthewholecommunityisplacedoverwhelminglyonthesideofthelawandthepublicsafety.

iwant,therefore,anewworldorderwhichwilldevoteitsfirsteffortstotheorganizationofthepostwarworldfortheeffectiveenforcementofinternationalpeaceandorder.allotherornamentalthingssuchasintellectualco-operationortechnicalco-operationcanwait.firstthingsmustcomefirst.

whathasbeenoutlinedaboveseemstoconformingeneraltotheplanofpeacecontainedinthesixth,seventh,andeightharticlesoftheatlanticcharter,whichhopes"toseeestablishedapeacewhichwillaffordtoallnationsthemeansofdwellinginsafetywithintheirownboundaries."iamparticularlyinterestedintheeightharticle,whichproposesthatitisessentialtodisarmthose"nationswhichthreaten,ormaythreaten,aggressionoutsideoftheirfrontiers."iamsurethatmygovernmentandpeoplewillheartilysupportthedisarmingofjapanasoneofthenecessaryfactorsinthemaintenanceandenforcementofpeaceinthepacificarea.

andiamalsoinheartysupportoftheideaexpressedintheeightharticleoftheatlanticcharterthat"theywillaidandencourageallotherpracticalmeasureswhichwilllightenforpeace-lovingpeoplesthecrushingburdenofarmaments."

butiventuretoestthatthemostpracticalmeasuretolightentheburdenofarmamentsandtoestablishlastingpeaceintheworldisnotthrough"theabandonmentoftheuseofforce,"butthroughpoolingandorganizingtheoverwhelmingforcesofthepeace-lovingpeoplesforthesolepurposeofenforcingthepeaceandcollectivesecurityoftheworld.

china'sfightingstrengthandfightingfaith

chinamonthly

apr.,1942.vol.3.no.5.pp.4-5.

myfriends,icometoyouinthemidstofnewsreportsmostdishearteningtoalltheunitednations.aspresidentroosevelthaswarnedus,"thereisperilaheadforusallandsorrowformany."theprimeministerofgreatbritainhasalsowarnedusthat"manymisfortunes,severetorturinglosses,remorselessandgnawinganxietiesliebeforeus."

inthisdarkhour,iaskyoutothinkofyouroldfriendandnewally,china.inhisrecentbroadcasttotheempireandtothealliednations,primeministerchurchillspokeofchina'sheroicandsingle-handedfightagainstthejapaneseaggressor,andsaid"thisshouldbeacomfortandreassurance."itoowantyoutothinkofchina'sheroicfightas"acomfortandreassurance."

mypeoplehavebeenfightingjapaneseaggressionforfouryearsandeightmonths—longerthanthecivilwarintheunitedstates,longerthanthefirstworldwar.indeed,japaneseinvasionintochinabeganovertenyearsago—itbeganinseptember,1931.apeacefulandpeace-lovingpeople,caughtill-armedandill-suppliedwithmunitions,wasatlastforcedtotakeupthefightforitsindependenceandfreedom,indeed,foritsveryexistence.

inthefirst15monthsofthewar,chinalostalltheimportantcoastandrivercities,allthemoderncentersofindustryandmanufacture,andalldirectaccessestothesea.thegovernmentlostover90percentofitsrevenue.tensofmillionsofpeopleweremadehomeless,joblessandpenniless.warcasualtiesweretremendous,andciviliansufferingwasterrific.financialdistresswasextreme.

yet,withnomoney,withverylittlemodernequipment,andwithnodirectaccesstothesea,mypeoplehavefoughton—for56longmonths!

youwillaskme,howdidyoudoit?whatarethemainfactorswhichmakeupchina'sfightingpower?

aswelookback,wecanseetherearemanyfactorswhichhaveenabledustofightonsolongand,onthewhole,sowell.

first,thereisthefactoroflargespace—largespacetomoveaboutin,andlargespace"totradefortime."afteralltheseyearsofwar,ourenemycanscarcelyclaimtohaveeffectivelyoccupiedtenpercentofchineseterritory.

second,thereisthefactoroflargenumbers,—largepopulationasactualandpotentialsupplyofmanpower.becauseofournumericalsuperiority,ourenemyhasneverbeenabletotrapanylargearmy.inallthesefouryearsandeightmonths,youhaveneverreadofthesurrenderofanychinesearmy.andthesizeofourarmytodayismuchgreaterthanitwasfourandahalfyearsago.

thirdly,thereisourage-longsenseofnationalunitywhichistheresultofourlivingtogethercontinuouslyforover21centuriesinaunifiedempirelifeunderonegovernment,onesystemofcodifiedlaw,andonesystemofuniformnationalcivilservice.

fourthly,thereisourcapacityforhardwork.withoutmoderntools,mypeoplehavebuiltupthousandsofmilesofhighwaysintheinteriorbyhandlabor,—insomecases,asinpartsofthefamousburmaroad,theyliterally"chiseledaroadintothefaceofsheermountainsidewiththousandsoffeetofcanyonbelow."andmypeoplehavemovedthousandsoftonsofmachineryandindustrialequipmentintotheinterior,mostofthisweightbeingcarriedonhumanbacksandhumanshoulders!

andfifthly,thereisthefactoroffriendlyassistancebyallourfriendsabroad,—assistancefromsovietrussia,thebritishempire,theunitedstates,andfrancebeforehercollapse.beforedecember8,1941,thisinternationalaidhadtakenallforms"shortofwar."fromfinancialandmaterialaidtochinatoeffectiveeconomicembargoagainstjapan,thesevariousformsofinternationalassistancehavebeeninvaluableinstrengtheningourfightingpowerandmorale.

but,aboveallthese,andbehindallthese,therewasanotherandthemostessentialfactor,namely,china'spatientandunfalteringfaithintheultimatetriumphofherjustcause.fromtheverybeginning,theleadersofchinaclearlyrealizedandrepeatedlywarnedthepeace-lovingnationsthatjapan'saggressioninchina,ifunchecked,wouldsurelyresultinwreckingthenewinternationalorderthenexisting,andwouldsoonerorlaterinvolvethewholeworldinasecondworldwar.inthoseyearsofinternationalcomplacencyandisolationism,veryfewpeopletookseriouslyourwarningthatjapan'swarinchinawouldsurelydevelopintoasecondworldconflagration,andthatmypeoplewereinrealityfightingthefirstbattlesofthatworldwar.

butmypeopleneverdoubtedthattheaggressiveactsofourenemywouldsoonerorlaterforcethebritishempireandeventheunitedstatestofightonthesideofchina.

onoctober1,1937,inaspeechatsanfrancisco,broadcastoverthecolumbiasystem,isaidtomyamericanfriends:

"inthisworldofours,waraswellaspeaceisindivisible.anywarthatisfoughtonforasufficientlylongperiodwillnotfailtograduallyinvolvemanyothernationsintoit.neitherneutralitynorpacifismwillevereedinkeepingyououtofit.andthesamestupidityofthemilitaristsofanaggressornationwhichforcedyouintothelastwar,willnotbelackingtodragyouintothepresentone."

ondecember4,1938,inaspeechinnewyorkcity,isaidagain:

"thefinalvictoryofchinamustdependupontwothings:first,shemustfighton,andshehasnochoicebuttofighton;second,inherprolongedwar,thetimemaycomewhentheinternationalsituationmayturninherfavorandagainstherenemy."

ihavecitedthesewordstoshowwhatimeanbychina'sfightingfaithwhichhasformedthebackboneofherfightingmorale.foralongtimethisfaithwasridiculedbymanyasadaydream,aswishfulthinking.letmeassureyouthatawishfulthinkingbecomesalivingfaithwhenmillionsofpeoplearewillingtofightanddieforit.

chinahashadtofightfortwoyearsandtwomonthsbeforetheeuropeanwarbrokeout.shehadtofightfullyfouryearsbeforetheunitedstatesandthebritishempirebegantoenforceacompleteeconomicembargoagainstjapan.shehashadtofightfouryearsandfivemonthsbeforethetreacherousactsofjapanforcedyouandtheotheranglo-saxondemocraciestodeclarewaronher.

thetidehasnowturned.thefaithofmypeoplehasbeenvindicated.chinaisnolongerfightingalone,butwith25alliesonherside.butvictoryisnotyetinsight.alongandhardwarstillfacesyournation,mynation,andallourallies.butwehavenottheslightestdoubtabouttheultimateandnottoodistantvictoryofourcommonfightagainstourcommonfoes.

letus,therefore,learnfromchinaalittlelessonofpatience.letusrememberthatthisisthegreatestwarinallhumanhistory,whichcannotbewoninthreemonths.letusswervenotfromourcommonfaith,bestexpressedbymr.churchilltheotherday,that"thegigantic,overwhelmingforceswhichnowstandinthelinewithusinthisworldleforfreedomwillbefoundprettycapableofsquaringallaccountsandsettingallthingsrightforalongtimetocome."letusworktogether,workhard,butworkwithpatience,forthecomingofthatdaywhen,inthecheeringwordsofmr.roosevelt,"thesunshinesdownoncemoreuponaworldwheretheweakwillbesafeandthestrongwillbejust."

china,too,isfightingtodefendawayoflife

pamphlet

sanfrancisco:thegrabhornpress.july,1942.17pages.

theissueatstake,asfarasthewesternworldandthewesterncivilizationareconcerned,is,therefore,despotismversusdemocracy:itisfreedomversusoppressionandpeaceversusthelustforconquestbybruteforce.

now,theissueatstakeinthepacificisexactlythesameissuewhichfacesyouinthewesternworld.itistheissueofthetotalitarianwayoflifeversusthedemocraticwayoflife:itisfreedom&peaceversusoppression&aggression.

justasinthewesttheissueisfocusedonaconflictbetweennazigermanyandthewesterneuropeanandtheanglo-saxondemocraciessoistheissueinthepacificbestsymbolizedbytheconflictbetweenjapanandchina.

theconflictbetweenchinaandjapanisbasicallyaconflictbetweenthewayoffreedomandpeaceandthewayofdespoticoppressionandmilitaristicandimperialisticaggression.

thebestwaytounderstandthisbasicconflictinthepacificistoremembertheseplainhistoricalfactsincontrast:

(1)chinadiscardedfeudalismwhenshebecameaunifiedempiretwenty-onecenturiesago,whereasjapanwasstillattheheightofafullydevelopedmilitaristicfeudalismaslateasthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturywhencommodoreperryknockedonherdoors.

(2)chinafortwenty-onecenturieshasdevelopedanalmostclasslesssocialstructureandhasbeengovernedbycivilianofficialsselectedthroughanopenandcompetitivesystemofcivilserviceexaminations,whereasjapanhasbeengovernedatleastforthelast800yearsbyamilitaristiccastewhichhasalwaysoccupiedtheunchallengedpositionofarulingclass.

(3)china,evenattheheightofherpowerandglory,hasneverencouragedtheartsofwarandhasalwayscondemnedwarsandimperialisticexpansion,whereascontinentalexpansionandworldconquesthavelongbeenthenationalidealsofmilitantjapan.

thesecontrastinghistoricalfactsareofthegreatestsignificanceinthelifeandcivilizationofchinaandjapan.theyhaveshapedandmouldedthenationallifeandinstitutionsofthesetwopeoples.inshort,theyhavemadechinaademocraticandpeacefulcountry,andjapan,atotalitarianandmilitaristicnation.

2

letushavealookathistoricchinaandseehowithasworkedoutitsfree,democraticandpeacefulwaysoflife.